Managing high-output stomas: module 2 of 3.

Enterocutaneous fistulae (ECF) and high-output stomas are challenging to manage, owing to the large volume of loss that may result in severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition and sepsis. It is imperative that this group of patients receive adequate nutrition, as malnutrition and sepsis are the leading cause of death. Treatment is complex and based on various situations, treatment can be medical/conservative management or surgical. Depending on the site of the fistula and the length of residual intestine contributing as the cause of a high output stoma with the nutritional status of the patient, clinicians have to decide whether parenteral nutrition (PN) or enteral nutrition (EN) should be established. As previously discussed in module 1 and 2 (Gabe, 2013; Gabe and Slater, 2013) the theme of nutritional management and appliance/accessory selection to manage patients with ECF and high output stomas was outlined. The aim of providing an understanding of the nutritional needs and the practicalities of maintaining appliance adherence, and in turn, a reduction in the breakdown of the peri-stomal skin was described. Module 3 aims to provide understanding for the reader that may encounter patients undergoing surgery for the management of their ECF or high-output stoma. Lastly it was felt necessary to discuss the subject of intestinal transplantation. This complex surgical option is not available to all patients with intestinal failure and only undertaken at a couple of recognised centres. The process of referring patients that are deemed suitable for intestinal transplantation will be addressed and what the surgery entails with long-term outcomes and the quality of life for the patient.